Blog

A multicoloured illustration of the word "Thank you."

Thank You!

Thank you for helping your students become the best version of themselves this year!

Thank you for tolerating the sound of the first day of recorder.

Thank you for giving up every lunch to help your young actors shine in the school play.

Thank you for being a safe person where students can come to talk about their identities.

Thank you for giving up your lunch and breakfast to feed your students who are hungry.

Thank you for pushing your students when they needed a good nudge to do their best.

Thank you for helping your students develop relationships with their peers.

Thank you for caring for the parents of your students and supporting them through difficult times.

Thank you for spending your free time in workshops, AQs and reading articles to learn how to support your students the best way possible.

Thank you for holding your laughter in when a student lets a very loud fart go during your lesson.

Thank you for noticing and acting when your students can’t see properly.

Thank you for recognizing and highlighting the talents of all of your students.

Thank you for supporting parents to have conversations with their daughters about their first period.

Thank you for creating an environment in your classroom where students with mental health challenges are respected and valued.

Thank you for helping your colleagues with report cards, IEPs and safety plans.

Thank you for showing up to work with a positive attitude on the day when your child has thrown up on your shoe.

Thank you for all you do every day!!

Have a well-deserved break and a wonderful summer!!

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Thriving in a New Teaching Assignment

I lead a running club for adults in my free time and many of the participants are teachers. Last week, I overheard two of the participants chatting about their teaching assignments for next year. They both were placed in assignments that were way out of their comfort zone and they were very nervous and anxious about the upcoming year. I understand how they are feeling. I took my educational career in a very different direction last year and it was probably the most challenging of my 15-year career but by far the most rewarding.

Taking on the role of teaching a class with 10 students who have Developmental Disabilities was very intimidating.  I knew very little about how to plan, assess or run a program that serviced the needs of these students. It was the steepest of steep learning curves but worth every minute!!

In my board, there is a 50 percent turnover rate of teachers in my role. I can absolutely see why teachers would leave after a year. This job can be very overwhelming and incredibly different than what teachers have trained for. I understand why teachers in general are nervous about change such as when they go from grade 8 to kindergarten or from music to special education support. We are one of the only professions where we are given new assignments and are expected to figure things out on our own with limited resources, training and support.

If you are one of those people that were handed a new assignment for next year and are anxious about the change, here is how I survived the huge change in my career:

  • I asked around immediately for people who were experienced and amazing in the role I was taking on. I reached out to many of them right away and they were amazing!!! They shared with me everything I could possibly need and went for coffee with me when I was struggling and needed a safe place to share my challenges. Without the support network of unbelievable Intermediate DD teachers, I would not have survived.
  • I decided that I was giving this role 100 percent of my effort and focus. Even if it hadn’t gone well, I still was going to try my very best every day and commit to my students. That decision helped me not get distracted by challenges that came with my role.
  • I recognized and celebrated the successes. It could have been very easy to be hard on myself in my new role. There were many things every day that did not go right. However, I learned that unless I cheered when something went well my students wouldn’t get the cheerful and positive teacher that they needed. It kept me and the whole team giving each other high fives and laughing.
  • I was open to the possibility of something awesome. This was the coolest, most unique experience of my career and if I had let my fear stop me from trying it out, I would have missed this incredible experience.

Finally, right before I took my current job, I reached out to a principal that I trust and asked her for some advice. We talked through the pros and cons of the new role and finally she gave me the best advice that relieved all the pressure of the drastic change. She said simply “this job will be 10 months out of your life. If after giving it your best effort it is not a good fit, move on to something that is.”

Good luck in the 2019-2020 school year everyone.

Beginnings and Endings

We are so lucky to have a career that has built-in beginnings and endings.

Beginnings are inspiring and exciting. September brings us a brand new year. For some of us, it will also bring a new grade, new school, new students, new classroom, or some combination of those things. It’s a chance to start fresh, reinvent, rethink and make changes.

Endings bring about mixed emotions. Sometimes there’s a feeling of relief, perhaps after a particularly challenging year, or a year that you felt you weren’t at your best. By the end of June, many of us are exhausted. Endings bring an opportunity to slow down, reduce stress and focus on our own health and well-being. Most importantly, endings give us a chance to reflect.

The best part is that after every ending, comes a new beginning. On a personal level, I am really looking forward to a new beginning in September. I feel that I’ve learned and grown so much as an educator this year and I’m eager to get into my next classroom and apply that learning. The ending to this last school year was a sad one for me, as I said goodbye to a wonderful school and students that I love dearly, but this has only made me even more excited to see what comes next.

Are you feeling inspired by the new beginning that September will bring? What have you reflected on in June that will change you as you head into September?

 

Capturing Their Wonder

Our classroom motto is “wisdom begins in wonder”. This quote, from Socrates, represents the core of my beliefs about teaching. I believe that every child holds a natural curiosity about the world around them, and that the most powerful learning happens when that curiosity is answered with opportunity.

Many classes at my school work on a yearly book publishing project, in which each class collaborates on a book that is written and illustrated by the students. I wanted to think of a topic that would engage my students and create a beautiful keepsake for their families, but I also wanted our topic to be authentic and meaningful. I tried to think of what would represent our class, and I remembered that the core of our classroom is wonder.

So I simply asked, “what do you wonder?”. We spent a few minutes discussing some ways to word their “I wonder” statements and sharing some ideas as a group. Then, they were sent off to write.I was so enthralled by their wonderings. Some of the questions they wrote stemmed from our current learning, but most of them were genuine, authentic questions that they had about their world. I absolutely loved reading what they wrote and I felt like it really captured their bright, curious minds.

Earlier in the year we had made some beautiful owl art, so we decided to include that art as our illustrations since owls are also a symbol of wisdom. Here are some photos of our published book!

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After about four weeks our published books arrived. As we read the book together as a class, my students were so pleased with themselves as they realized that even in the short time since writing the book, they had already discovered or researched the answers to some of the questions they had written about. It was the perfect illustration of just what I wanted them to see – that wisdom really does begin with wonder!

Parents were able to purchase either a hard cover or paperback copy of the book to keep. Although the compilation and final editing process before sending the package off to the publisher can be a bit tedious on the teacher’s end, it was well worthwhile just to hear that grade one student exclaim, “Wow! I can’t believe we are real authors!”.

If you’re interested in publishing a book with your class, head to Student Treasures to learn more!

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Building bridges


The Photographer [CC BY-SA 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0)]

Recently, I found myself staring from the platform of a steel, wood, and wire bridge at the top of Les Chutes Montmorency in Quebec. As the water spilled down the worn rock face into the St. Lawrence River, I could feel the structure moving, ever-so-slightly. Dozens of tourists were there too. I wondered if they felt it while they crossed, stopped, and admired the power and natural beauty.

To me, the vibrations were reminders that things are in constant motion and that the gentle movement of the bridge was making my senses aware of my surroundings much more than usual. What struck me in between the movements were thoughts of the incredible collaboration that went into designing and building this structure for everyone to safely enjoy the view. So much commitment, preparation, and care had to be put in long in advance of the first steps ever being taken across this spectacular wonder.

This made me think about how teachers are so very much like bridge-builders in their schools. We start laying out possible plans in late August and September. Once the first bell rings, we usually have to head back to the drawing board in order to re-coordinate, re-calculate, and reconsider it all once the classroom is filled because it is not until then that we really know the exact terrain or the distance we will need to span. Experience says that there is always a danger when we start construction too soon. Ocasionally, a demolition is required to re-start the build on a stronger and more secure footing.

Come October and November, construction of our bridges is in full swing. Shifts are organized, jobs are evolving with new work being delegated daily, and of course, focii reframed. Foundations are set and you can see signs of progress. As with any project, unknowns are constantly popping up that could not have been predicted on paper while planning. Usually these are best mitigated through preparation, experience, and flexibilty. Construction must go on.

December and January has our crews working productively in all areas. A well deserved break to rest, recharge, and regroup sees everyone returning to routines. Unlike September, the plans are not in flux. There is clear evidence of the mission, along with a sense of quasi-accomplishment, and it is encouraging to be at the half-way point. By now, some significant challenges have been overcome. Trials and tests are natural parts of overcoming impassable terrain. There is much to learn on a construction site.

It seems like we roar through February and March at school. Our bridge is really occupying the skyline now. We are able to see things from new perspectives. There are so many clubs, teams, and lessons to reckon with and distractions are not uncommon. It is important to remind everyone about the goal and the importance of the bridge they are building.

For me, these are some of the most frantic yet peaceful months of the school year. Frantic because of completing first term reports and peaceful because the rhythms of learning are clearly clicking. March Break doesn’t hurt either. Through it all brick by brick, board by board, and wire by wire it is all coming together. Through all of this time, attention is focused on safety and stability. Each day, measurements are taken to make sure everything is going as planned. In the classroom this might be a conversation, or an observation. Some times the ears and eyes of a teacher notice more and gain far more insight than is ever conveyed on a paper through a pencil.

April and May seem to happen at an accelerated pace. The end is in sight, yet somehow it can seem like the finish line is being moved further down the track. Students have become increasingly more interested in outdoor activities after being cooped up all Winter, and then kept off the grass for nearly the first 6 weeks of Spring. Movement is crucial here. Construction on our bridge is nearly complete.

Come June, our 10 month bridge building project concludes. What was once a rough and uncrossable expanse is now connected from one side to the other. As if, for the very first time, we collectively look up from our work, take a few steps back, and marvel at the work that has taken place. Our work.

By June’s end, the memories of lessons, tests, and reports are already fading, but not the positive relationships made, the acts of kindness shared, or the struggles overcome. Know that these memories will last like a well built bridge that can be crossed over years after being completed.

Thank you for being the bridge builders teachers. I look forward to building new ones with you all in September.

 

 

Playing Tabletop RPGs in the Classroom

I am a full-time geek. Anyone who knows me knows that comic books, video games, anime, board games, and sci-fi make up the bulk of my personality. What many of them don’t know, though, is that I play a lot of tabletop roleplaying games.

At this point, you might be wondering what, exactly, constitutes a tabletop roleplaying game. For me, it means that once a week, my friends and I get together and pretend to be members of a band of adventurers travelling around a fantasy world. We don’t dress up and run around in-character (that’s something else called LARP); we sit together and, with the guidance of one person acting as a storyteller or “Dungeon Master”, we tell a story. Very little is pre-determined in this game. When we try to accomplish things, we roll dice and see what happens.

I’ve been playing these games since I was a kid. I’ve played them in a lot of different formats – in-person, by e-mail, on Telnet serves, in IRC chat rooms, over video chat with webcams and microphones, I’ve even played in streaming games where total strangers can watch me and my friends live on camera. It’s a big thing in my life.

It’s also something I’m trying to bring into my classroom. This isn’t coming from a place of selfishness or obsession, where I just want to do my hobby all day. While I really love playing RPGs, they are a lot of work to put together and run for even just a small crew, and the logistics of implementing any kind of RPG in a classroom are… daunting. But the benefits outweigh the complications, and so here I am, slowly finding ways to bring the wonders of RPGs to my students.

Let’s talk about the benefits of D&D a little. (D&D isn’t the only tabletop RPG out there, but it’s the one most people have heard of, so I’ll roll with that system for this.) The most obvious benefit for any child is that it is a storytelling game where players have to listen, improvise, and react on the fly. The game rewards creativity and consistency of character. Players have to make choices about how their character would act in a given situation based on their past, their goals, their party’s plans. RPGs work wonders for improving the creative writing skills of their players.

It also encourages critical thinking and creative problem solving. Players are presented with all manner of obstacles every session, with a hundred possible solutions for every one. They have to listen closely to what they are told, search for clues in the narrative, and solve puzzles to survive encounters and work toward their goals. They also have to work together – as the players collaborate to tell a story, their characters collaborate to reach a common goal of some kind. The lone wolf doesn’t do well in this game.

Where this game really shines in the classroom, though, is in fostering confidence in its players. Many people will feel silly when they first start playing, some will always feel silly, but most will find themselves comfortable in their character’s personality after a few sessions. D&D provides opportunities to learn about socializing, leading, and working together in a risk-free scenario. Players can practice social skills knowing that it’s their character acting this way, not them, and that the worst outcome is that their character may die and they need to make a new one. I’ve seen the quietest, most reserved kids find their voice thanks to a D&D game where their character slowly becomes the leader of the crew. I’ve seen impulsive kids start to slow down and think their actions through in real life because when their character is rash and acts without thinking, they set off traps, or find themselves surrounded by monsters, or ruin their party’s carefully crafted plan.

The situations in these games are made up, but the skills they learn through playing transfer to real life. They can confidently take risks in the game because the only consequence is really that the story may not go the way they want. Over time, they start to take more risks in real life. They start to look at real life situations from multiple perspectives. They start to understand the interconnectedness of people, places, and things.

All of this to say… I want to do this more. Implementing games like D&D in the classroom is challenging. So far, I’ve had the most success with large-group one-session games like Werewolf, where students are given secret roles and must work together to help their team win while staying in character. I’ve also had success running small groups at recess time. Now, I want to try to find a way to bring a more in-depth, long-form game like D&D to my whole class.

Thinking about how I can adapt D&D for a class of 30 (yikes) is how I’ll be spending my summer – in between an AQ, a three-day FSL conference, multiple one-day workshops, a week in Toronto for the ETFO AGM, a week in Toronto for Fan Expo, my weekly D&D games, and oh, right, also being a spouse/mother/sister/daughter/friend/adult.

If someone out there has successfully implemented RPGs in their classroom on a consistent basis, I’m all ears. And if someone out there has no idea what I’m talking about but is intrigued, like any good tabletop player, I can talk your ear off about all the things you can check out to find out more about this crazy hobby!

The Power of Collaborative Inquiry

As I come to the end of my first year as an Innovations Consultant and New Teacher Induction Program Coordinator I am doing some reflection about the past year.   Feedback has come in and the Collaborative Inquiry that NTIP teachers and mentors took part in this year was deemed as one of the most meaningful professional learning opportunities for educators.

Teachers reported that having been given time to work with colleagues with a focus of learning that was responsive to student need with ways in which to measure success seemed daunting and theoretical at first but then became clearer as the process progressed.  At the end of our meetings and planning we were able to come together in order to share our learning.  We have collected our work on a Google site so that other educators may be inspired by  Inquiry and Innovation at KPR.  The reflection on the process was that teachers wanted to experience the process again next year.

When I went through the process of Assessment for Learning and first embarked upon inquiry it was difficult to make myself vulnerable as a professional after 20 years of teaching!  Working with these brave new teachers was awe inspiring.  I saw them become hooked on the inquiry process as I did many years ago.  It is hard to describe what happens when you finally give yourself permission to not be the “sage on the stage” and let student interest and need drive instruction.  You have to experience it…but once you do…it is rather difficult to go backward.

If you are interested in running a collaborative inquiry at your school (it doesn’t have to be school wide) I highly recommend the work of Jenni Donohoo.  She is an Ontario Elementary teacher and has a number of books about Collaborative Inquiry and some fantastic instructional videos online.

Rethinking End of Year Countdowns

It certainly is an exciting time of year! Report cards are finished, we are wrapping up curriculum and beginning to think about next year already. Most of all, everyone is excited for summer. Teachers are ready for a break from the busyness of school, but are our students?

We talk so much about building belonging in the classroom. We go out of our way to make our class feel like a family and make each child feel safe, valued, and at home when they’re with us at school. So why is it that just because the year is ending, we now outwardly and loudly celebrate the fact that this is ending?

I always thought that celebrating the end of the year was just adding to the fun and excitement of summer. I’ve always had a fun countdown for my class. Lately, I’ve been wondering if this is just adding stress on some of my students. It really hit me last week when I announced that we only had ten school days left and there were at least five children in my class that crumbled to tears.

There are many reasons a child might feel stress or anxiety about school ending. We know that for many children in this world, school is their safe place. It might be the only place they receive warm smiles, positive affirmations, their access to friends, or even healthy snacks. I wonder how it might feel, for children like this, to hear and see their caring adults celebrating and counting down to the day they no longer have to be there.

It’s not just those kids that might be feeling the anxiety around this time of year. Many children thrive on a predictable, consistent routine. The end of a school year is a major, sudden and highly impactful transition from one routine to another, or in some cases to very little routine at all. We have to be mindful of our kids that need consistency, rely on stability and struggle with change.

And then, of course, we have our children who just absolutely love school. This was the case for my young friends that were very upset last week. They simply adore being part of our class and look forward to coming to school every day. They want to be here and they want to learn. To make things worse, I likely will not be teaching at this school next year, so the end of the year for my students is also bringing with it a goodbye to their teacher. I’ve spent the year building and nurturing our teacher-student relationships and now I have to leave them. I would imagine that the departure of any caring adult would be a cause for stress and anxiety in any child.

We start to see a lot more behaviour this time of year and it almost always gets put down to “end of the year excitement”, but what if that’s not excitement? We know that behaviour is communication. What are our students communicating to us? Could this added behaviour be a result of added stress over the fast-approaching big change?

I think we need to rethink and reconsider how we are marking the end of the school year. Of course, a successful year of growth and learning calls for celebration. Can we frame our celebrations as just that? A celebration of the year, but not a celebration of the year ending? I don’t think we should pretend nothing is happening, because part of our job is to teach our children how to process these big changes. After all, life is full of change. But I do wonder if we can frame it in a more school-positive way, and through that, send off our most vulnerable students with all of the love and affirmation they need to make it through a summer without their safe place.

 

Inquiry project success stories

Students from 8A made over 400 smoothies on Thursday, June 6th on our student led create your own business. With the donations from the HWDSB Foundation for Student Success and the help from my other job Tucker’s Marketplace, our business plan went off without many hitches.

We had a great day with 22 students spread out through many stations: blending, cup decorating, ice crushing, phoning classes, taking photos of students with smoothies, getting ingredients for students and much more.

Putting the leadership into my students hands was an amazing process and I cannot wait to do something like this in the future. Everyone was able to comment afterwards on their favourite parts of the project and parts they thought were more challenging. Students enjoyed: taking leadership, ordering ingredients, making the smoothies, shopping for ingredients, coming up with the idea, decorating the room and much more.

It was a great adventure and many more pictures can be seen on my instagram page mclaughlins.classroom. Special thanks to my dad, Bob McLaughlin for being our chef on site to ensure proper food handling all day long!

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Evaluating e-learning

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Like many things in our lives, using technology to learn online does not seem out of place. In business and in education, adults take courses online to upgrade their skills and knowledge. Indeed, online e-learning for Additional Teacher Qualifications is a thriving business.

In March 2019, the Ontario government announced that high school students would be required to take four online course credits (4 out of 30 credits) as part of their high school course requirement to graduate (Government of Ontario, 2019). Before the change, school boards managed and delivered their own online courses and enrollment criteria. The boards paid a fee of about $773 per student to take online courses provided by organizations such as TV Ontario or other Ontario school boards (Ontario Ministry of Education, 2018). The Ontario government states it will centralize the delivery of high school e-learning courses (Naylor, 2019).

In order for across the province high school e-learning to be successful, the infrastructure needs to be firmly and consistently in place. This means that all high school students need to have access to technology in order to complete online course work. Access to technology means access to the hardware of computers/devices and reliable high speed Internet.

Use of technology

In their report, Connecting to success; Technology in Ontario Schools, People for Education site that currently 97% of elementary schools and 100% of secondary schools report at least some teachers using technology to communicate with students (People for Education, 2019). In addition 33% of elementary schools (i.e., grades K to 6), 40% of middle schools (i.e.. grades 7 & 8), and 66% of secondary schools (i.e., grades 9 to 12) encourage students to bring their technology/device (i.e. BYOD – Bring Your Own Device Peel District School Board, n.d.) to school every day (People for Education, 2019).

Access to devises

For access to computers and devices, students living in high income areas will likely have this opportunity as 85% of elementary schools in high-income neighbourhoods fundraise for technology (People for Education, 2019). For students living in low-income neighbourhoods, only 54% of elementary schools fundraise for technology (People for Education, 2019). Challenges also occur in schools as technology hubs are usually facilitated by librarians. In 1998, elementary schools had at least one full-time or part-time librarian. In 2019, this number dropped to 54% of schools with librarians (People for Education, 2019). Access to technology in elementary schools develops skills in using computers and interacting with online interfaces. Cutting funding for teacher librarians cuts students’ access to technology.

Access to Internet

If students live in or near cities, these requirements will likely be fulfilled (although I have personally had trouble with my own Internet access while living within 25 km of a major city).  If students live in rural areas or in remote areas, it can be a challenge to get high speed Internet. Internet challenges in these areas include reliable access and adequate speed. Internet can also be significantly more expensive to access in rural and/or remote areas as Internet lines, cables, fiber optics, over-the-air, and phone lines may not be in place.

Lack of research to support e-learning efficacy

The idea of e-learning holds great promise, especially given that its business model advocates greater personalized student achievement with less cost. The lower costs for instructional personnel and facilities are not supported by peer-reviewed research.

The National Education Policy Center (NEPC) at the University of Colorado at Boulder published a report Virtual Schools in the U.S. 2019 suggested that there should be a moratorium on virtual education (Molnar, Miron, Elgeberi, Barbour, Huerta, Rankin Shafer, & King Rice, 2019). The report looked at the efficacy of full-time virtual and blended schools. The NEPC Virtual Schools report stated that there is little or no pedagogical evidence justifying the benefit of e-learning model or to the empowerment of student learning (Molnar et. al., 2019).

Inequity for at risk, low-income, and racialized students

Many students are not prepared for the demands of online learning as they lack the learning skills and persistence needed to complete e-learning course work. With face to face teacher support, students who are at risk have greater success in learning and completing in-person courses (Bettinger & Loeb, 2017). The NEPC Virtual Schools report also noted that fewer low-income and racialized students were enrolled in e-learning (Molnar et. al., 2019).

Lower on-time high school graduation rates

The NEPC Virtual Schools report found that the overall US 84% on-time high school graduation rates were significantly lower for virtual schools at 50.1 % and for blended schools at 61.5% (Molnar et. al., 2019). The elearning business model may cite efficiency in performance but the graduation rate numbers do not perform as well as traditional high schools.

Challenges with instructional quality and sustaining qualified teachers

The NEPC Virtual Schools report also found that there were challenges with instructional quality and sustaining highly qualified teachers in e-learning (Molnar et. al., 2019).

Linking the research to the real world

While researching this blog, I spoke to a number of teachers who have experience teaching high school courses online. The teachers agreed upon their concerns about student success and their own working conditions.

The teachers cited up to 36 students in their online courses with at least half of the students dropping out before the course end date. The teachers also stated that they could be teaching multiple subjects at the same time (e.g., teaching grade 11 Media Arts and Grade 11 & 12 Computer Science).

The teachers noted that the majority of students struggled with self discipline and completing work in a timely manner. There were many concerns about plagiarism and confirming that student work was actually being done by the student and not another person like a parent, peer, or sibling (i.e., concerns about students cheating).

Teachers faced challenging working conditions as there was an expectation that teachers were available at all times even though they were only being paid for 10 hours a week. Poor working conditions for teachers mean poor learning conditions for students. Maybe this is why the NEPC report cited e-learning having challenges in sustaining highly qualified teachers?

Finally, one online teacher wondered if there was a challenge with the pedagogy of the e-learning courses as the courses focused on curriculum and lacked the creative components, collaboration, and contextual problem solving in face to face course work.

The summary of high school e-learning challenges:

  1. Lack of access to technology for all students
  2. Lack of access to reliable Internet for all students
  3. Lack of peer-reviewed research to support e-learning claims of efficacy
  4. Lower graduation rates as compared to traditional learning
  5. Lack of inclusion and equity for low income, at risk, and racialized students
  6. Sustainability of highly qualified teachers
  7. Potential of poor working conditions for teachers
  8. Cost-benefit models show poor e-learning outcomes as an insolvent educational policy

The human factor of learning

Finally, there is the human factor to consider in education. I have always believed that school is not just about curriculum, it is about being with people. Teachers do not just teach curriculum, they also motivate students and help students discover who they are as learners. We all have stories to tell about how teachers changed our lives and inspired us to go further and to not give up when learning gets hard.

School is also about learning to play and collaborate with other students.  School is about making friends.

As I was researching for this blog, I had a Twitter comment from a parent in the US. The mother stated that her daughter, in Grade 5, was going to school only 2.5 days a week and doing the rest of her learning online. The mother stated that the child had fewer friends at school and was making most of her friends through extracurricular activities. The mother further stated that she had less time to work as her daughter was now at home instead of at school.

For my last comment I state that it is particularly sad when business models forget about the human impact e-learning can have on making friends at school.

Collaboratively Yours,

Dr. Deb Weston, PhD

References

Bettinger, E., & Loeb, S. (2017). Promises and pitfalls of online education. Economic Studies at Brookings Evidence Speaks Reports, 2(15), 1-4. Accessed at https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/ccf_20170609_loeb_evidence_speaks1.pdf

Government of Ontario. (2019, March 15). Education that works for you – Modernizing classrooms. Newsroom. Accessed at https://news.ontario.ca/edu/en/2019/03/education-that-works-for-you-2.html

Molnar, A., Miron, G., Elgeberi, N., Barbour, M.K., Huerta, L., Rankin Shafer, S., & King Rice, J., (2019). Virtual Schools in the U.S. 2019,  National Education Policy Center (NEPC), Boulder: University of Colorado. Accessed at https://nepc.colorado.edu/publication/virtual-schools-annual-2019

Naylor, N. (2019, March 15). New Vision for Education (Memorandum to Directors of Education, Secretary/Treasurers of School Authorities). Toronto, ON: Ontario Ministry of Education. Accessed at https://efis.fma.csc.gov.on.ca/faab/Memos/B2019/B08_EN.pdf

Ontario Ministry of Education. (2018). E-Learning Ontario: Provincial Funding and Fees. Toronto, ON: Ontario Ministry of Education. Accessed at http://www.edu.gov.on.ca/elearning/funding.html

Peel District School Board. (n.d.). Bring Your Own Device: How Parents Can Partner for Student Success. Mississauga, ON: Peel District School Board. Accessed at http://peelschools.org/aboutus/21stCentury/byod/Pages/default.aspx

People for Education. (2019). Connecting to success; Technology in Ontario Schools, People for Education. Accessed at https://peopleforeducation.ca/report/connecting-to-success-technology-in-ontario-schools/